Presentación inusual de infección por SARS-CoV-2 simulando púrpura de Schönlein Henoch (vasculitis por inmunoglobulina A) / Unusual presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection simulating Schönlein Henoch purpura (immunoglobulin A vasculitis)

La vasculitis por inmunoglobulina A, anteriormente llamada púrpura Schönlein Henoch (VIgA/PSH), es la vasculitis sistémica más frecuente en la infancia. El desencadenante más común es una infección previa del tracto respiratorio superior. Se caracteriza por púrpura palpable no trombocitopénica con artralgias y/o artritis, afectación gastrointestinal y compromiso renal. SARS-CoV-2 es un virus ARN que causa la enfermedad COVID-19. Afecta frecuentemente el sistema respiratorio con presentaciones que varían desde una rinitis hasta condiciones severas como síndrome de distress respiratorio, shock séptico o síndrome de inflamación multisistémica (multi-system inflammation syndrome, MIS). Se describe el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad con clínica de VIgA/PSH como forma inicial de presentación y diagnóstico posterior de infección por SARS-CoV-2, derivado al hospital de mayor complejidad, con encefalopatía hipertensiva que presentó evolución favorable y restitución completa del cuadro clínico

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, previously called Henoch Schonlein purpura (IgAV/ HSP), is the most common systemic vasculitis in childhood. The most common trigger is a previous upper respiratory infection. It is characterized by palpable non-thrombocytopenic purpura with arthralgia and/or arthritis, gastrointestinal and kidney involvement. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that causes COVID-19 disease. It frequently affects the respiratory system with presentations ranging from rhinitis to severe conditions such as respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, or multi-system inflammation syndrome (MIS). We describe the case of a 5-year-old boy with symptoms of IgAV/HSP as the initial form of presentation and subsequent diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, being referred to a more complex hospital with hypertensive encephalopathy, presenting a favorable evolution and complete restoration of the clinical picture.

Redes de atención en salud: alcances territoriales y colaboración institucional en el seguimiento de pacientes pediátricos en la Red del Sudeste Bonaerense / Health care networks: territories and institutional collaboration for extended treatments of pediatric patients within Southeastern Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires

OBJETIVO: Este trabajo presenta el inicio de un proyecto de largo término que analiza la dinámica local de circulación de pacientes y colaboración profesional entre el conjunto de efectores localizados en los partidos de Florencio Varela, Berazategui, Alte. Brown y Quilmes, denominado la Red del Sudeste Bonaerense. Ésta articula efectores de primer, segundo y tercer nivel de atención (169 en total), asiste a 2 millones de personas anualmente en una de las áreas con mayor población del país y con altos niveles de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. METODOLOGÍA: La metodología se plantea desde los métodos mixtos que articulan técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para la recolección, procesamiento y análisis de la información de los efectores de la Red, a partir de: registros de pacientes pediátricos, datos epidemiológicos y trabajo de campo etnográfico. Complementariamente, se articulan tres líneas multi-disciplinarias: Análisis de sistemas y servicios de salud en red; Análisis espacial entre centros de salud; Análisis de redes sociales (identifica estructuras y dinámicas de flujo y colaboración). RESULTADOS: Los resultados sugieren: a) la estructura de derivaciones la HEC tiene una forma de "estrella", b) mayor cantidad de derivaciones desde los distritos de la Red del Sudeste que de otros efectores, c) Coeficiente de Jaccard es bajo, d) dificultades en el mecanismo de contra-referencia, e) la estructura de colaboración entre 25 especialidades es un modelo "centro/periferia", f) emergen subgrupos de acuerdo a las patologías derivadas. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye con una discusión sobre la importancia de la interacción estructural entre las especialidades para la atención compleja de patologías pediátricas. Finalmente, la centralidad del HEC en la dinámica de derivaciones pediátricas se corresponde con su condición de único efector de tercer nivel de la región, su robusta comunicación con los efectores en el territorio así como por su posicionamiento como referente nacional de derivación por patologías específicas.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents the beginning of a long-term project that analyses local dynamics of patient transfers and professional collaboration among a formal assistance network of health providers called the "Southeastern Network" localized in four districts in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires: F. Varela, Berazategui, Alte. Brown y Quilmes. This network connects primary, secondary and tertiary care levels (169 in total) and assists over 2 million people annually in the region, one of the most populated and deprived areas in Argentina. METHODS: Methodological strategies point toward a mixed methods approach, which articulates qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting, processing and analyzing the information from the network care providers: patients institutional registers, epidemiological data and ethnographic field work.Additionally, we follow three multi-disciplinary lines: health systems and services analysis, special analysis regarding care providers, Social Network Analysis (identifying structures and dynamics of patients flow and professional collaboration). RESULTS: Suggest: a) the structure of patients' referral is "star" model b) there are more referrals from the Network's districts than from other areas c) Jaccard Coefficient is low, d) there are some difficulties in counter-referral mechanisms e) professional collaboration structure among 25 medical specialties is a "center/periphery" model f) some subgroups emerge from assisting certain pathologies. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude with a discussion on the importance of structural interaction among medical specialties for complex pediatric care. Finally, the centrality of El Cruce Hospital within pediatric referrals in this area correspond to the fact that it is the only tertiary care provider, it maintains robust communications with other care providers and it is positioned as national reference for specific pathologies referral.

[Cerebrovascular disease in childhood. Case series]. / Enfermedad cerebrovascular en la infancia: presentación de casos clínicos.

Stroke in childhood is considered rare. It may be ischemic or hemorrhagic. Its presentation is often acute and it is a leading cause of mortality in pediatrics. The aim of our work is to present the general features of stroke of 18 patients under 15 years of age admitted to the Hospital El Cruce, between July 2009 and June 2014, and their clinical outcome a year later. We observed a predominance of male patients and the median age of 5 years. The main clinical features were hemiparesis, seizures, headache and vomiting and sensory impairment. The most frequent type was ischemic and the middle cerebral artery territory was the most commonly involved. Twelve patients had no sequelae. The signs and symptoms were guiding stroke, neuroimaging studies were essential for diagnosis and patients evolved favorably with low number of recurrence and death.

La enfermedad cerebrovascular en la infancia es poco frecuente. Su presentación es aguda y constituye una de las 10 causas de mortalidad en pediatría. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es presentar las características de la enfermedad de 18 pacientes menores de 15 años ingresados en el Hospital El Cruce entre julio de 2009 y junio de 2014, y su evolución clínica al año del evento. Observamos un predominio de sexo masculino y una mediana de edad de 5 años. La forma de presentación en orden de frecuencia fue hemiparesia, convulsiones, cefalea y vómitos, y deterioro del sensorio. La forma isquémica fue la más frecuente y el territorio más afectado fue el de la arteria cerebral media. Doce pacientes no presentaron secuelas. Los signos y síntomas fueron orientadores de enfermedad cerebrovascular; los estudios de neuroimágenes, esenciales para su diagnóstico; y los pacientes evolucionaron favorablemente con bajo número de recurrencia y fallecidos.

Enfermedad cerebrovascular en la infancia: presentación de casos clínicos / Cerebrovascular disease in childhood: Case series

La enfermedad cerebrovascular en la infancia es poco frecuente. Su presentación es aguda y constituye una de las 10 causas de mortalidad en pediatría. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es presentar las características de la enfermedad de 18 pacientes menores de 15 años ingresados en el Hospital El Cruce entre julio de 2009 y junio de 2014, y su evolución clínica al año del evento. Observamos un predominio de sexo masculino y una mediana de edad de 5 años. La forma de presentación en orden de frecuencia fue hemiparesia, convulsiones, cefalea y vómitos, y deterioro del sensorio. La forma isquémica fue la más frecuente y el territorio más afectado fue el de la arteria cerebral media. Doce pacientes no presentaron secuelas. Los signos y síntomas fueron orientadores de enfermedad cerebrovascular; los estudios de neuroimágenes, esenciales para su diagnóstico; y los pacientes evolucionaron favorablemente con bajo número de recurrencia y fallecidos.

Stroke in childhood is considered rare. It may be ischemic or hemorrhagic. Its presentation is often acute and it is a leading cause of mortality in pediatrics. The aim of our work is to present the general features of stroke of 18 patients under 15 years of age admitted to the Hospital El Cruce, between July 2009 and June 2014, and their clinical outcome a year later. We observed a predominance of male patients and the median age of 5 years. The main clinical features were hemiparesis, seizures, headache and vomiting and sensory impairment. The most frequent type was ischemic and the middle cerebral artery territory was the most commonly involved. Twelve patients had no sequelae. The signs and symptoms were guiding stroke, neuroimaging studies were essential for diagnosis and patients evolved favorably with low number of recurrence and death.

Infecciones graves por Staphylococcus aureus: características clínicas, sensibilidad antibiótica y uso de antimicrobianos. Serie de casos / Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections: clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and use of antimicrobials. Case series

La aparición de infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus (SA) meticilino-resistente (MR) de la comunidad es un problema de salud pública de variable magnitud en diferentes áreas geográficas del mundo. El debate acerca del tratamiento antibiótico empírico inicial permanece abierto. Nuestro objetivo es presentar una serie de pacientes hospitalizados con infecciones graves por Staphyloccocus aureus en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Pediátricos del Hospital El Cruce. Entre mayo de 2008 y diciembre de 2010, se internaron 43 pacientes. El 69,8% de los SA aislados fueron MR. Aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa, las infecciones por SAMR requirieron mayor cantidad de días de internación en terapia intensiva y desarrollaron más focos secundarios de infección. Vancomicina, rifampicina y clindamicina fueron los antibióticos más comúnmente prescritos. Existió una alta resistencia de los SA a los ß-lactámicos en la serie estudiada

Infectious due to methicillin-resistant community acquired Staphylococcus aureus is a public health problem of varying magnitude in different geographical areas of the world, representing a major burden on health systems. The debate on the initial empiric antibiotic therapy remains open. We present a case series of hospitalized patients with severe Staphylococcus aureus infections admitted to the pediatric intermediate care unit of Hospital El Cruce. Between May 2008 and December 2010, 43 patients were admitted. Sixty nine percent of isolated Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant. Although the difference was not statistically significant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections required more days of hospitalization in critical care unit and developed more secondary sites of infection. Vancomycin, rifampicin and clindamycin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. There was a high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to p-lactams in the series.

[Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections: clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and use of antimicrobials. Case series]. / Infecciones graves por Staphylococcus aureus: características clínicas, sensibilidad antibiótica y uso de antimicrobianos. Serie de casos.

Infectious due to methicillin-resistant community acquired Staphylococcus aureus is a public health problem of varying magnitude in different geographical areas of the world, representing a major burden on health systems. The debate on the initial empiric antibiotic therapy remains open. We present a case series of hospitalized patients with severe Staphylococcus aureus infections admitted to the pediatric intermediate care unit of Hospital El Cruce. Between May 2008 and December 2010, 43 patients were admitted. Sixty nine percent of isolated Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant. Although the difference was not statistically significant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections required more days of hospitalization in critical care unit and developed more secondary sites of infection. Vancomycin, rifampicin and clindamycin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. There was a high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to p-lactams in the series.

Infecciones graves por Staphylococcus aureus: características clínicas, sensibilidad antibiótica y uso de antimicrobianos. Serie de casos. / [Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections: clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and use of antimicrobials. Case series].

Infectious due to methicillin-resistant community acquired Staphylococcus aureus is a public health problem of varying magnitude in different geographical areas of the world, representing a major burden on health systems. The debate on the initial empiric antibiotic therapy remains open. We present a case series of hospitalized patients with severe Staphylococcus aureus infections admitted to the pediatric intermediate care unit of Hospital El Cruce. Between May 2008 and December 2010, 43 patients were admitted. Sixty nine percent of isolated Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant. Although the difference was not statistically significant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections required more days of hospitalization in critical care unit and developed more secondary sites of infection. Vancomycin, rifampicin and clindamycin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. There was a high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to p-lactams in the series.

[The micropolitics of the work of health professionals in health centers: regarding the health needs of families]. / Micropolítica do trabalho dos profissionais de saúde na UBS: visão sobre necessidades de saúde das famílias.

The objective of this study was to understand the strengths and limitations of the process of nursing work at a health center in terms of recognizing the health needs of the population. The methodological framework used was social research in the qualitative perspective, with discourse analysis based on hermeneutics-dialectics and founded on the Theory of Praxis Interpretation of Community Health Nursing. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, and the working processes of the teams were examined according to the Analyzing Flowchart of the Model of a Health Care Service. In conclusion, there are limitations in the daily working process of the nursing team regarding the recognition of the health needs of the population. Coping with these needs consisted of the identification of complications, relegating the social determinants of the poor life conditions associated with the health-disease process to a secondary concern.

Micropolítica do trabalho dos profissionais de saúde na UBS: visão sobre necessidades de saúde das famílias / The micropolitics of the work of health professionals in health centers: regarding the health needs of families / Micropolítica del trabajo de profesionales de salud en la UBS: visión sobre necesidades de salud de las familias

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as potencialidades e limitações do processo de trabalho da enfermagem de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde para o reconhecimento das necessidades de saúde da população. A vertente metodológica utilizada foi a pesquisa social, na perspectiva qualitativa, tendo como base de análise dos discursos a hermêutica-dialética, e como alicerce a Teoria da Interpretação Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva. Os dados foram coletados por meio da entrevista semiestruturada e os processos de trabalho das equipes foram analisados através do Fluxograma Analisador do Modelo de Atenção de um Serviço de Saúde. Concluiu-se que há limitações no cotidiano do processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem à medida em que o reconhecimento e enfrentamento das necessidades de saúde perpassavam pela identificação de agravos instalados, deixando em segundo plano os determinantes sociais das más condições de vida associadas ao processo saúde-doença.

The objective of this study was to understand the strengths and limitations of the process of nursing work at a health center in terms of recognizing the health needs of the population. The methodological framework used was social research in the qualitative perspective, with discourse analysis based on hermeneutics-dialectics and founded on the Theory of Praxis Interpretation of Community Health Nursing. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, and the working processes of the teams were examined according to the Analyzing Flowchart of the Model of a Health Care Service. In conclusion, there are limitations in the daily working process of the nursing team regarding the recognition of the health needs of the population. Coping with these needs consisted of the identification of complications, relegating the social determinants of the poor life conditions associated with the health-disease process to a secondary concern.

Estudio que objetivó comprender las potencialidades y limitaciones del proceso de trabajo de una Unidad Básica de Salud, para reconocer las necesidades de salud de la población. La vertiente metodológica utilizada fue la investigación social en perspectiva cualitativa, teniendo como base de análisis de los discursos la hermenéutica-dialéctica, y como fundamento, la Teoría de la Interpretación Práxica de Enfermería en Salud Colectiva. Datos recolectados mediante entrevista semiestructurada, los procesos de trabajo de los equipos fueron analizados por Flujograma Analizador del Modelo de Atención de un Servicio de Salud. Se concluye en que existen limitaciones en el cotidiano del proceso de trabajo del equipo de enfermería, en la medida en que el reconocimiento y enfrentamiento de las necesidades de salud apenas pasaban por la identificación de padecimientos instalados, dejando en segundo plano los determinantes sociales de las malas condiciones de vida asociadas al proceso salud-enfermedad.

Violência sexual infantil: estudo das ocorrências registradas na rede de proteção de Curitiba e as formas de enfrentamento na atenção básica / Child sexual abuse: a study of incidents recorded in the protection network of and ways of coping the issue in primary care

Este estudo objetivou compreender as características da violência sexual contra a criança e suas formas de enfrentamento na atenção básica. O cenário de estudo foi a Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente em Situação de Risco para a Violência, situada no município de Curitiba-PR. Os dados da fonte primária foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com 7 profissionais que compunham a coordenação municipal e regional da Rede; e a fonte secundária foi constituída pela base de dados da Rede do ano de 2009. Foi utilizado o software Epi Info versão 6.04d para análise da fonte secundária e da estatística descritiva para apresentação dos resultados. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, e analisadas segundo a metodologia de análise conteúdo, da hermenêutica dialética como método para interpretação dos discursos, e também das categorias de geração e de gênero. Os resultados revelaram que a violência ocorre no ambiente doméstico em 69,3% dos casos e ganha visibilidade principalmente através da notificação feita por Hospitais e Unidades Básicas de Saúde (50%). O sexo feminino foi acometido por 69,5% da violência, e o masculino por 30,5%. Em 94,2% dos casos, o agressor da violência sexual contra crianças é do sexo masculino. Concluiu-se que a violência sexual contra a criança, em sua maioria meninas, é perpetrada no ambiente doméstico em que há uma subalternidade de gênero e geração. Os resultados revelaram também que os profissionais da Rede têm clareza do fluxo de encaminhamento em situações de violência. O monitoramento das notificações é feito principalmente pela coordenação local, mas há uma intervenção da coordenação regional nos casos sem evolução a contento.Apesar da Rede Local ter autonomia para contatar outros serviços da Rede, a articulação é uma responsabilidade das coordenações regional e municipal. A rotatividade de profissionais e a alta vulnerabilidade das famílias foram apontadas como dificuldades no enfrentamento da violência sexual. Concluiu-se que ter um fluxo e serviços organizados para atender crianças em situação de violência sexual, bem como uma articulação entre os equipamentos, um monitoramento periódico, capacitações permanentes e registro adequado das notificações são essenciais para um trabalho bem sucedido como o da Rede de Proteção. A violência não ocorre exclusivamente nas classes mais vulneráveis, mas sim é visibilizada pela notificação compulsória. Dessa forma, faz-se necessária uma política nacional que visibilize o fenômeno da violência para o conjunto da sociedade, problematize a desigualdade geradora de violência entre os diferentes grupos sociais, e, por fim, capacite os profissionais que atendem as famílias. Por fim, concluiu-se que a Rede de Proteção, apesar de mostrar contradições, tem grande potencial instrumental de enfrentamento da violência.

This study aimed to understand the characteristics of sexual violence against children and their ways of coping the issue in primary care. The scenario of the study was the Network for the Protection of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Violence, located in Curitiba-PR. The primary source of data were collected through interviews with seven professionals who made up the municipal and regional coordination of the Network, and the secondary source was constituted by the Network\'s database from the year 2009. We used the Epi Info software - version 6.04d for the analyses of the secondary source and descriptive statistics for the presentation of results. The interviews were taped and transcribed entirely, and analyzed using the methodology of content analysis, hermeneutic dialectics as a method for interpretation of speeches, and also the categories of generation and gender. The results revealed that violence occurs in the home in 69.3% of cases, and gained visibility primarily through notification by hospitals and Basic Health Units (50%). Females were affected by 69.5% of the violence and males by 30.5%. In 94.2% of cases, the perpetrator of sexual violence against children is male. It was concluded that sexual violence against children, mostly girls, is perpetrated in the domestic environment in which there is a subordination of gender and generation. The results also revealed that professionals of the network have the clarity of the routines of handling situations of violence.The monitoring of notifications is done mainly by the local coordination, but the regional coordination intervenes in cases without satisfactorily progress. Although the Network is free to contact other services of the Network, the coordination is a responsibility of the regional and local coordinations. The staff turnover and the high vulnerability of the families were identified as difficulties in coping with sexual violence. It was concluded that having an organized flow and services to meet children in situations of sexual violence as well as a link between the equipment, periodic monitoring, ongoing training and adequate register of notifications, are essential for a successful work as in the case of the Protection Network. The violence does not occur exclusively on the most vulnerable classes, but is visualized by compulsory notification. Thus, it was concluded that the need for a national policy that visualize the phenomenon of violence to society as a whole, which remarks the inequality that generates violence between different social groups, and ultimately enable professionals who attend the families. Finally, it was concluded that the Protection Network, despite its contradictions, has great potential as an instrument for coping with violence.